science



Glossery: __Axe__-page -A axe is a lever,because the fulcrum are your hands holding the axe. The load is at the top(sharp knife at top). And the effort is in the middle of the axe. __Bike__-//page 4//-A bike has many different simple machines on it. The wheels are considered a wheel and axil. The pedals and handel bars are levers. Gears on a bike are considered pulleys. __Door__-page -Doors are levers because of the screws which are the pivot point or main area to make the door move. __Flag__-//page17-//A flag is an excellent example of a pulley because when you pull the rope to make the flag go up, there are wheels that help the rope attached to the flap get to the top. __Garage Door__-//page 4-// A garage door is a pulley because if you were to pull the rope connected to some wheels at the top of the door, the garage will open. __Gate__-//page 2// -A gate would be a lever because the screws on the side of the gate are fulcrums to hold the gate in place. __Hammer__-page //7// -A hammer is a 3rd class lever, because the load\resistance is the flat headed part. The fulcrum is your hand holding the hammer. Lastly the effort is in the middle of the hammer. __Ladder__-page 7-A ladder is an inclined plane because of the slope of it and that it helps people get to the top. __Rake__-//page 6// -Rakes are 3rd class levers. So the fulcrum is your first handing at the top of the rake. The effort is the second hand in the middle of the rake. And the load of a rake are the spikes at the bottom of a rake to pick up the leaves. __Saw__-//page 7//-In this story a saw is used as wedge, because it seperates wood. But if the saw wasn't spilting the wood, it would be known as a lever. __Scissors__-//page 7// - In this case the scissors are acting as wedges because they are seperating the leaves from the acual bush. But scissors are also levers because of the fulcrum,which are in the middle of the scissors. __Screw-__//page 7//-Screws is a special type of inclined plane because of the thread that goes around the screw. __Shovel__-//page 2// - The shovel is used as a wedge to seperate the dirt in order to plant the flowers. __Wheel Barrol__-//page 7// -A wheel barrol is a 3rd class lever which means the fulcrum is the wheel, the "bucket" or where you would be able to hold the object is the load\resistance, and the effort would be you holding the wheel barrol. Wheel barrol's are also wheels and axils.



**nstrument Essay:**
====My biggest problem with this was problably not making the instrument look like a box with string or a traditional instrument. So I changed the plan up a little bit and decided to add more detail to just the sound/pitch. So I pulled and loosend the strings and noticed a difference in the sound the strings made. So each time I would move on to attach a string to the instrument I had to make sure that I didn't make the same sound that the string produced.==== ====To play my instrument you can easlily place it on your lap and play or this is how I would play the instrument. I'd take the top of the ruler pan and halfway between my armpit and hip on my left side. Next, I would curve my left hand around pan to hold it and place the bottom of the instrument on my lap. Then I'd pluck with my right hand. But let's I was playing the instrument and then it started to sound funny. So to tune the instrument, I will take the end of the string on pull on it with my left hand and pluck while pulling wiht my right hand. Or loosen the string. Okay so now to go more in depth on how the sound waves accually travel is a different story. If I were to pluck a string on the instrument the sound wave itself will bounce back and forth against the sides of the pan. Which is also know as resonance because when you concentrate and put your hand to the pan while a string is vibrating, you can feel the effect of the sound waves. So then the reason why the loudness of instrument doesn't last long is basicly because the sound particles are loosing their vibrations through the air faster so the quietness of the pitch comes faster.==== ====When I first thought about this project I thought it would easy and I'd be done with it in a few days, but I was wrong. You have to acculaly think about how to make a perfect pitched instrument. The supplies that you would use affets the sound quality also.What matrerial the strings are made of, the type of box that we would use, every detail has part in how the instrument will sound. So I guess making an instrument isn't easy afterall, honestly I was pretty shocked because I had to change and rebulid some things on the instrument itself. Plus if I could change something on my instrument then that would be the shape of it because if you make an instrument from scratch then the easiest part would be the shape of it. That would normally be a square, rectangle, circle, etc.basicaly if I could I would make the shape more interesting. So thank you for reading my essay and I hope you enjoy the musical creations of the band J.D.P.V...====
 * My instrument's name is called the ruler pan. My idea of getting this instrument is from a guitar and maybe even a violin. Although, the ruler pan is also in the string family as well as violin and guitar. But there are some unique factors about my instrument, for example it got its name for the rulers that help support the sound of the instrument and the fact that the tone quality is also has a ringing sound to it mainly because the string are made out of elastic string.( not rubber bands!!) Plus the decorations on the inside of the instrument make the ruler pan an interesting instrument. When I am plucking the strings, the volume depends on how hard I pluck the string. But of course there has to be a way I present my instrument. This will be by exposing it to the LANGHANS PRODUCTION THEATER. The reason why the name is what it is because the real theater would be a busy central for langhasnville. Also the name of my band is J.D.P.V. These are just simply the initials of all of our names.**
 * To make my instrument, I used two rulers (that were eventually cut in half), an old cooking or baking pan, elastic string( but with material on top of it), construction paper,tape, and stickers. I found all of these around my kitchen and at my desk area, which is also where I do my homework so I alot of materials there. To begin with 1st I took the old pan and my dad drilled 12 small holes in total (6 on each side). When he was done with that, I took this covering in the design of wood to cover up the outside. Next, I tapped the construction paper on the inside to cover all the scraches and chipped areas on the pan. So to add a flare to the instrument I simply added some silverly stickers. So when I finished my decorating, my friends dad (this time) took his saw to cut ruler to fit the width of the pan. Also he had to bolt in the ruler through to pan to make sure the ruler didn't fall out. The last step was to tie the strings into and through the holes. This was my job. But the trick is to make each string tighter and looser than the others so they each have a different picth. Now this may sound easy and simple but the whole prosscess took quite a long time for everything.**

MY BLUEPRINT OF THE "LANGHANS PRODUCTION THEATER"- SORRY IF THE PAPERS ARE NOT LINED UP EVENLY. ON MY PAPER THE LINES WENT STRAIGHT ACROSS.



== =How do Forensic Scientists use chemistry to solve a crime?=

﻿Senerio:
===//﻿Crash... That was the last noise we heard before the suspect ran out the back door and noticed Buzz Lightyear... POISONED!! Several days later us, crime scene investigators, made many observations and this is what we concluded. Power like substance in 6 individual groups, a half eaten hotdog, a glass beaker with a clear liquid containing in it, and a curved, shiny wrap. As caring, and loving forensic scientists we are, we decided to take the challenge and find the evil charactor that attempted to murder Buzz Lightyear. Also the purpose is to observe how to use chemistry in forensic labs for example physical and chemical properties. //=== ===//﻿ When looking at the suspect list, it just astonished me. Snow White, Ariel, Goofy... Amazing, and we thought these were sweet Disney charactors...WRONG!!! So I concluded this. If Spongebob Squarepants poisened Buzz Lightyear, then they used water as the drink, zinc as the wrap, surcrose (a.k.a sugar) as powder, and pork as the hot dog because the liquid was transparent and looked like a pure substance, the wrap was shiny and it appered malleabull, powder viewed itself as it could melt, and the hot dog looked pink. What a bad, bad sponge. //===

===Because we cannot conclude who did what did it, forensic scientists will have to make experiments and observations. But even before that we'll need create a list of materials. First of all, the materials for drinks, these were the possible liquids: pure water, alcohol, salt water, vinegar, grape drink, and lemonade with pulp. This is what we'll need: a conductivity meter, baking soda, a macth, test tube, a lighter, and a plastic tray. All possible types of wraps: plastic, aluminum, zinz, copper, iron, and sulfur. This is what we will need for this experiment: conductivity meter, hydrochloric acid, a triple beam balance, a plastic gratuated cylinder, and a plastic tray that is able to hold more than one object. Here are all possible powders: surcrose, baking soda, sodium polyacrylate (it is whats found in diapers), sodium chloride, and absorbic acid (also known as vitamin C). Here are materials: macthes, a lighter, vineger, and a hot plate (to observe if the powder will melt), a small baby glass beaker with water, a glass strirring stick, and a paper cup. And last but not least all possible hot dogs used: pork, light, and 98% fat free. Materials needed: triple beam balance and a plastic graduated cylinder,and the conductivity meter. When creating the charts put the physical and chemical properties at the top and then put the types of drinks, wraps, powders, or hotdogs on the side of the column. ===

===//Although we now know what there is to need, it is also very important to be safe. So first of all never ever eat what is being experimented on and second of all make sure that you remember to put your safty googles on. :) Okay, now that we are properly ready, the next step is to create a graph or chart with the physical and chemical properties that we will test on. So in one colum write density, then color, optical properties,conductivity, flamibility, and lastly reactivity. If it were me (which it is) I would start with the simplest physical property to the most complex chemical property.(although at the of all of experments we will then test crime scene materials) __1st COLOR__: observe and see if the liquid is clear, yellow, brown, etc. And to save time we might as well do optical properties, which is transparent(see through), translusent(foggy but still can see through a little), or opaque(cannot see past it). Then record it in the table. __2nd conductivity__: In order to test the conductivity of the liquid, then we will have to use the conductivity meter. To use it you would just dipp the two metal stilts just barely into the liquid. Next, watch the small red and green light bulbs turn on. Then flip over the meter and see if red light turn or not and same with the green light bulb. Repeat this with all the liquids. *But after each use make sure to clean the tips off with water and dry it off. Once done with all record it on the table. __3rd DENSITY__: To measure the density take the glass test tube and put some water in it. Next, put the liquid in with the water. Watch carefully to see if the liquid sinks or floats with the water. Repeat this with all. *Do not do this with pure water because of course your running the test with water so just write 1.0 g/ml *also don't forget to record on the data table. __4th FLAMMIBILITY__: Light the math with the lighter and place the lit part in the drink. Now observe it see it the fire burns out or lits the liquid on fire. __5th REACTIVITY__: Take the plastic tray and in each small ditch pour each drink,except crime scene liquid,in. Then, take the baking soda and slowly pour a small amount in each fluid. You will be able to tell if there is a chemical reaction happening by a fizz or bubbles coming out of the fluid. After each observation record the results. Fhewww... exhasting, but it's worth it. Here were my results- __DENSITY__- water=1.0g/ml, alcohol=less dense than water, salt water=more dense, vinegar=less dense, grape drink=more dense, lemonade w/pulp=more dense. __COLOR__- grape drink=dark purple, lemonade w/pulp=yellow, water, alcohol, saltwater, and vinegar were all clear. __OPTICAL PROPERTIES__- grape drink=opaque, lemonade w/pulp=translusent, water, alcohol, saltwater, and vinegar were all transparent. __CONDUCTIVITY__- all drinks were very high but alcohol was low or none. __FLAMMIBILITY__- all were not on fire but alcohol. __REACTIVITY__- water and alcohol=none, lemonade w/pulp=lightly fizzing, grape drink and vinager= bubbly and fizz.// === ===//Okay so 1 down 3 more to go. Let's begin round 2. Our physical properties are malleabulility, luster, conductivity, and density. Then our only lonely chemical property is reactivity. 1st MALLEABULITY AND LUSTER- The only to see if the wrap or metal is malleabul is to look with your eye and to observe. Malleabull just means if the metal is able to flattened into a thin sheet or layer. Then luster means if the wrap is shiny or dull. Pretty simple...right. So now record each of these observations in your table. 2nd CONDUCTIVITY- Once again take the conductivity meter, turn the on and off switch on, and make sure that it is clean from your last experiment. Next, touch each metal with the two tiny stilts of the meter. On these tests you will not have to clean the tip of it off because the metal stilts are not getting dirty/or doing to a chemical reaction from the metal.*don't forget to turn it off. Do not forget to record the results on the table. 3rd DENSITY - To measure the density you will need the triple beam balence, the plastic gratuated cylinder,and possibly (only if you wish) a calculater. But don't forget mass if measured in grams-g, volume mili liters-mL , and density grams per mili liter-g/mL. So in to find the mass take each individual piece of wrap and place it on the plattform. Next, move the adjusting weights to find the mass. If the meter drops, it's too heavy, but if it moves and then once again lands on zero then you found the mass. Repeat this with each wrap. Also when done with each one then record this in your table. Moving on to volume. Take the plastic gratuated cylinder and fill it up to about 40-50mL. Next, drop one wrap each time you preform this test. Watch it rise. Now, if the original water level was 50 mL and it rose to 52mL then wright 2mL because it went up by 2mL. Repeat this with each one and record it on your graph. Once you have found all the mass and volume for each wrap, then take your calculator ( if wanted) and divide the mass (g) by the volume (mL). This is how to find your density. *It is very, very important to put g/mL after the number calculated!!!! __4th reactivity__- Last experiment for wraps. So what you will need for this experiment is the plastic tray, hydrochloric acid in the eyedropper, and 1 piece of wrap from each group. First, put 1 wrap in each small ditch (it will be okay if you will have any extra spaces). Next, take carfully pick up the hydrochloric acid and place it by the tray with metals. Fill the eyedropper with the acid up half way and put 1-2 drops on the wrap at a time. Look closely. There may not be a big chemical reaction but there should some very tiny bubbles or a fizz on the wrap.*whrn done preforming all tests DO NOT put the wraps down the sink either throw it away or place them in a special container that absorb the acid. After preforming the experiments these were my results: __MALLEABILITY__- all were able to be spread into a thin sheet but plastic and sulfur. __LUSTER__- all were shiny but sulfur. __CONDUCTIVITY__- Aluminum, Zinc, Copper, and Iron were all very high except plastic and sulfur were low or none. __DENSITY__- plastic= .1 g/mL, aluminum= .3 g/mL , zinc= .3 g/mL , copper= .5g/mL , iron= .3 g/mL , sulfur= .2g/mL. __REACTIVITY__- Zinc, copper, and iron had a little fizz or small bubbles and plastic, aluminum, and sulfur had no reaction.// //Woww.... being a forensic scientist isn't easy. Now let's begin on powders.// The tests that will be ran are solubility, melthing, reactivity, and flammibility. 1st SOLUBILITY __:__ Solubility is the ablitiy to be dissolved. So basicly, it means to see if the powder is able to dissovle if yes, then record a YES into the powder's section for solubility, if not then simply wright NO. 2nd MELTING : There will be 5 hot plates with one type powder on plate. There will be melting occuring if the powder will start to liquify or if the powder starts to color change (ex. white to back) then just record the color that the powder turned into. *DO NOT TOUCH THE HOT PLATES!! 3rd CONDUCTIVITY : This would be the same with all the other conductivity tests. Turn the meter on and barley dip the two tips in the powder. Watch the red and green light bulb. Flip the meter over and see if the lights were both on or both off. To clean the meter either wipe the tips off with a dry paper towel or get the two tips barley wet and then dry with a dry paper towel. Record the results in your table. *don't forget to turn it off when done. 4th REACTIVITY : Take the plastic tray, paper cup, and the glass stirring stick. First, put one type of powder in each ditch of the tray EXCEPT for the sodium polyacrylate. Okay so then take the sodium polyacrylate and put that powder into the paper cup. Then take the baby glass beaker with vinager in it and pour in one powder at a time, then take the stirring stick and stirr it to see if there is a chemical reaction happening. Do this to all of them even the sodium polyacrylate in th cup. When disposing the powers you can dump all of them down the sink expect for the sodium polyacrylate because this is what's found in diapers and if itwere to be in contact with water then it would grow and absorb all the water. This is why you have ot throw it away in the trash can.Don't forget to wright down in the table if it had a chemical reaction or not. 5th FLAMMIBILTY : light the math and wiht the lighter and place it dirctly on the powder. You can do this on the hot plates with the powders on them. Now wright down if the powder lit on fire or if there was a color change. Here were my results for all the tests for powders. SOLUBILITY- sucrose and absorbic acid- yes, baking soda , sodium polyacrylate , and sodium chrolide- no. MELTING- all were no except for sucrose and absorbic acid. CONDUCTIVTY- all were low or none. REACTIVITY- all were none EXCEPT for baking soda. FLAMMIBILITY- all were none but the baking soda turned yellow/black. Last experiments. Hot dogs. Yumm. Here are the properties- color, density,mass presqueeze, mass post squeeze. __1st color__- All you'll have to do is observe and record what color the hot is on the inside. __2nd density__- __1st __ the triple beam balence and place the hot dog on the platform. 2nd Move the weights for each hot dog and record what the mass in grams/g. __3rd__, take each hot dog individually and place it in the plastic gratuated cylinder that is up to 50mL. Then next take the mass and divide it by the volume which will then give you your density. (g/mL) For __mass presqueeze__ what to do is take the mass from the density colunm and transfer it to the presqueeze colunm for each hot dog. For __mass post squeeze:__1st take each individual hot dog and squeeze the fat and juice out of the skin. 2nd take the remaining of the fat and juice from the hot dog and measure the mass of it. *To dispose it just simply throw the hot dog away in the trash can. Here were my results for the hot dog lab. COLOR- pork=pink, light= light pink some orange , 98% fat= orange. DENSITY- 1.15 g/mL, light= 1.25 g/mL , 98% fat= 1.16 g/mL. MASS PRE SQUEEZE- pork= 11.5g, light= 12.5g , 98% fat= 10.5g. MASS POST SQUEEZE- pork= 7g, light= 4.5g , 98% fat= 7g. <span style="color: #0e0b0b; display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 130%;">WOWWWW... Now to test the crime scene material. Just refer back to the procedures. These were the results- HOT DOG= color- pink/orange, density-1.02g/mL , mass pre squeeze- 11.2g , mass post squeeze- 10g. POWDER= solubiltiy-yes, melting-yes , conductivity-low or none , reactivity- none , flammibility-none. DRINK= density- less dense than water, color-clear , optical properties-transparent , conductivity- high , flammibility- none , reactivity-none. WRAP= malleabullity- yes, luster- shiny , conductivity- very high , density- .3g/mL , reactivity- none. My goodness there is alot of work if you are a forensic scientist. <span style="color: #0e0b0b; display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 130%;">CONCLUSION: <span style="color: #0e0b0b; display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 130%;">Okay, so maybe Spongebob Squarepants didn't poisen Buzz Lightyear. So all the data that I have collected proved my hypothesis... WRONG. But it is still fun being a scientist and maybe even getting proved wrong. But there are always limitations to the gorgeous work, for example for there was a limit on how much of the material that was allowed to use or the biggest limitation...TIME. In the begining or the start of the experiments I didn't use the plastic trays. Once I found out the next day that I could use them, than life became much easier. Now I didn't have walk back and forth to my destinations. From these experiments I'd say you could move into electricity from measuring conductivity. But what is really cool or interesting about this project is that we are working on something similar to what a real forensic scientist would but in kid-proof version. Also we collected physcial evidence like real scientist which was very fun. (REFERANCE: //csi.educdation180.org//) This was a very fun activity and I would love to do this again. <span style="color: #0e0b0b; display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 130%;">TYPED BY: PATRYCJA KOTOWSKA ===

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